HB2136

SECTION 1. The legislature finds, while the set of products and services offered by a particular seller – and their corresponding prices – were historically the same for most potential buyers under the posted-price paradigm, that is no longer necessarily the case. In the existing market, specifically online, potential buyers can have different experiences when visiting a seller's business: the offers the seller presents to a particular buyer can depend on a host of other factors, including the demographics of the prospective buyer, the buyer's location, and the buyer's previous history with the seller or the seller's partners.

The legislature further finds that this new personalized buying experience is the result of surveillance pricing, an ecosystem designed to use large-scale data collection to help seller maximize their revenues by customizing the pricing, as well as the selection of products and services, offered to each customer. In the existing market, sellers and various third parties collect large amounts of data on consumers – including their purchase history, their physical movements, their communications, their medical information, and other highly sensitive data – sometimes without consumers' knowledge or consent.

The legislature also finds that the rapid development of computer and mobile technologies has only increased the scope and granularity of collected data: mobile devices now routinely run applications that embed third-party library code for the purpose of tracking users, websites use a variety of techniques to track browsing across the web, and even vehicles collect data on consumers for resale to third parties. Moreover, the recent progress in fast-moving technologies, such as artificial intelligence, presents new opportunities for data use by sellers, enabling potentially easier translation of input data into actionable pricing and marketing strategies.

Consequently, the legislature finds that surveillance pricing is inherently deceptive and harmful to consumers as the pricing model is based on the lack of transparency, the exploitation of personal data, and the undermining of price comparison, and may lead to discrimination.

Accordingly, the purpose of this Act is to designate pricing practices based on surveillance data as unfair or deceptive acts or practices and unfair methods of competition in the conduct of any trade or commerce.

SECTION 2. Chapter 481B, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended by adding a new section to be appropriately designated and to read as follows:

"§481B- Use of surveillance data in pricing; prohibited. (a) No covered entity shall use surveillance data to:

(1) Set or adjust a consumer specific price;

(2) Determine whether a coupon or discount is available to a specific consumer;

(3) Impose a consumer specific mandatory fee or service charge; or

(4) Steer a consumer to a higher priced offer for the same or substantially similar item.

(b) This section shall only apply when:

(1) The covered entity is doing business in the State or offering goods or services to consumers in the State;

(2) The consumer is physically located in the State when the price is displayed or offered;

(3) The goods or services are delivered to the State; or

(4) The transaction occurs in the State.

(c) This section shall apply to the model of pricing in which a business sets prices for its goods or services that are tailored to different customer accounts or segments, if such practice uses surveillance data in the model.

(d) This section shall not apply under the following circumstances:

(1) For the following entities or products:

(A) Air carriers with respect to passenger ticket pricing;

(B) Federally regulated credit products and bank lending terms;

(D) Public utilities and regulated rates;

(2) Where the differentiated price is a result of objective, non-profile-based price difference, including:

(A) Taxes;

(B) Shipping costs, including interisland or delivery distance differences;

(D) Inventory clearance or supply cost increases that apply uniformly and are not targeted using surveillance data; and

(3) Loyalty programs only if:

(A) The consumer affirmatively opts in;

(B) The program terms are disclosed in plain language;

(D) Loyalty data is not used to create individualized pricing outside of the loyalty program that is based on any indication of a consumer's willingness to pay.

(e) Each covered entity shall keep and maintain documents and records detailing the covered entity's pricing model, strategy, or policy for no less than four years. The documents and records shall include the categories used in pricing, documentation of pricing rules or decision logic, and audit logs detailing when and why prices or discounts were available for substantially similar items.

(f) Notwithstanding section 480-3.1, any person who violates subsection (a), other than intentionally or knowingly, shall be fined a sum of no more than $ , which shall be collected in the manner as provided under section 480-3.1.

(g) This section shall not be construed to prevent any fraud or security measures that are designed to prevent abuse or harm and do not affect an offered price.

(h) For purposes of this section:

"Add-to-cart events" means the metric that logs when a person places an item in an online shopping cart.

"Clicks" means a measure of the number of times a person actively selects an advertisement or link on a webpage or digital application.

"Consumer" means an individual acting in a personal or household context.

"Covered entity" means any person advertising, offering, selling, or facilitating the sale of goods or services to consumers in the State. "Covered entities" includes marketplaces and intermediaries that participate in price setting or presentation.

"Device identifiers" means a unique code assigned to a physical electronic device to track, manage, and secure the device across networks and that is distinct from user accounts.

"Digital application" means a software program that is for electronic devices and that performs specific tasks.

"Dwell time" means the length of time a person spends on a specific webpage after clicking from a search result or advertisement, before returning to a previous webpage or taking another action.

"HTTP cookie" means a small block of data created by a web server while a person is browsing a website and placed on the person's electronic device by the person's web browser.

"Inferred traits" means the characteristics, assumptions, or conclusions about a person that are analytically deduced from collected data. "Inferred traits" includes income proxy, willingness to pay, risk score, and sensitivity to discounts.

"Location signals" means data that indicates the geographic location of an electronic device.

"Lookalike modeling" means the process that identifies persons that look and act like a target audience.

"Mobile electronic device advertising identifier" means the unique, resettable alphanumeric code assigned by mobile electric device operating systems to identify devices for personalized advertising.

"Online or digital application behavioral data" means the following metrics: clicks, search queries, browsing behavior, and dwell time.

"Same or substantially similar item" means an item with the same stock keeping unit number, a materially identical product, or the same service package on materially identical terms.

"Surveillance data" means data collected, derived, or inferred about a consumer from:

(1) Online or digital application behavioral data;

(2) Device identifiers;

(3) HTTP cookies;

(4) Mobile electronic device advertising identifiers;

(5) Internet protocol address;

(6) Location signals;

(7) Transaction and commerce behavior;

(8) Third-party data brokers;

(9) Lookalike modeling; and

(10) Inferred traits.

"Surveillance data" includes data indicating the type or condition of the hardware of the person's electronic device.

"Transaction and commerce behavior" means a person's purchase history, add-to-cart events, and account behavior."

SECTION 3. This Act does not affect rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before its effective date.

SECTION 4. New statutory material is underscored.

SECTION 5. This Act shall take effect on July 1, 2026.

INTRODUCED BY:	_____________________________

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES	H.B. NO.	2136
THIRTY-THIRD LEGISLATURE, 2026
STATE OF HAWAII